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Sources & méthodologie — Comment nous vérifions nos textes botaniques

Chaque texte d'affiche de la collection Herbarium Prints est rédigé dans un langage fondé sur les preuves, vérifié contre des sources pharmacologiques et botaniques autoritaires. Nous suivons la convention de l'European Medicines Agency (EMA) « traditionnellement utilisé pour » et ne formulons jamais de revendications curatives. Voici les principales sources consultées pour nos 157 profils de plantes.

Autorités pharmacologiques (sources primaires)

  • EMA/HMPC Assessment Reports and Community Herbal Monographs (European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products) — primary source for traditional use statements, well-established use status, and safety data. 18 of 30 Global-series plants have formal EMA HMPC monographs.
  • WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Volumes 1–4 (World Health Organization) — international reference for traditional uses, pharmacology, and dosage.
  • European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) — official monographs for herbal drugs including Matricariae flos, Valerianae radix, Hyperici herba, Millefolii herba, Lavandulae flos, and 60+ others referenced in our collection.
  • German Commission E Monographs (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte) — the world's first systematic regulatory evaluation of herbal medicines, covering 380 herbal drugs.
  • ESCOP Monographs (European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy) — peer-reviewed monographs on medicinal plant products.
  • PubMed / PubMed Central — peer-reviewed pharmacological, phytochemical, and clinical studies. Used to verify active compound identifications, mechanisms of action, and traditional use claims.
  • United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and King's American Dispensatory — referenced for Americas-series plants with U.S. pharmaceutical history.

Sources historiques et ethnobotaniques

Nordique / scandinave

  • Henrik Harpestreng, Den danske urtebog (c. 1244) — the earliest Nordic pharmacopoeia
  • Simon Paulli, Flora Danica (1648)
  • Old West Nordic pharmacopoeia fragments (13th century)
  • Oseberg ship excavation records (834 CE, Vestfold, Norway)
  • Egtved Girl burial analysis (c. 1370 BCE, Denmark)
  • Bergfjord et al. 2012, "Nettle as a distinct Bronze Age textile," Scientific Reports
  • Karg 2012, "Medieval plant cultivation in Scandinavian monastery gardens," Danish Journal of Archaeology
  • Vanhanen et al. 2025, "Flax processing at Tjudnäs," Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
  • MDPI Religions 2021 — Scandinavian monastery gardens study
  • Sipponen & Jokinen 2016, "Spruce resin salve in treating wounds," PMC
  • Moe & Oeggl 2014 — Birka coprolite analysis (Viking mead composition)
  • Samuelsen 2000, Journal of Ethnopharmacology — Nordic ethnobotany
  • Centre for Textile Research, University of Copenhagen
  • Finnish Intangible Cultural Heritage inventory

Européen classique et médiéval

  • Dioscorides, De Materia Medica (c. 50–70 CE)
  • Leonhart Fuchs, De historia stirpium (1542)
  • Hieronymus Bock, Kreutterbuch (1539)
  • John Gerard, The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes (1597)
  • Nicholas Culpeper, The English Physitian (1652)
  • William Withering, An Account of the Foxglove (1785)
  • Charlemagne, Capitulare de Villis (c. 800 CE)

Amériques et époque coloniale

  • Nicolás Monardes, Historia Medicinal (1574) — first European account of American medicinal plants
  • Georg Marcgraf & Willem Piso, Historia Naturalis Brasiliae (1648)
  • Hipólito Ruiz López & José Antonio Pavón — Royal Botanical Expedition to Peru (1777–1788)
  • Popol Vuh (K'iche' Maya creation narrative) — maize mythology

Asiatique et tropical

  • Shennong Ben Cao Jing (c. 200 CE) — foundational Chinese materia medica
  • Charaka Samhita (c. 100 CE) — foundational Ayurvedic text
  • Tang Materia Medica / Xinxiu Bencao (659 CE) — first state-commissioned pharmacopoeia
  • Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BCE) — ancient Egyptian medical text

Sources des illustrations

  • Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte (1887–1914), 4 volumes, 303+ chromolithographic plates. Artists: Walther Otto Müller, C.F. Schmidt, K. Gunther.
  • Biodiversity Heritage Library (biodiversitylibrary.org) — high-resolution scans from Missouri Botanical Garden, Peter H. Raven Library.
  • Wikimedia Commons — community-curated scans with metadata verification.
  • All illustrations are in the public domain. The original works were published between 1887 and 1914; both principal artists (Müller and Schmidt) died in the 19th century.

Note méthodologique

Toutes les déclarations d'usage traditionnel suivent la convention EMA HMPC « traditionnellement utilisé pour » et ne constituent pas des revendications curatives. Les identifications de composés actifs sont vérifiées contre les rapports d'évaluation EMA, les spécifications de la Pharmacopée européenne et la littérature pharmacologique indexée dans PubMed. Les faits historiques sont recoupés sur plusieurs sources académiques. Pour les plantes présentant des préoccupations de toxicité, un langage de sécurité approprié est inclus sur tous les produits.